Optional & Limited power of attorney execution by client in favour of stock exchange/depository participant - SEBI guidelines

Execution of Power of Attorney (PoA) by the Client in favour of the Stock Broker and Depository Participant
1. A Power of Attorney is executed by the client in favour of the stock broker /stock broker and depository participant to authorize the broker to operate the client’s demat account and bank account to facilitate the delivery of shares and pay – in/ pay – out of funds.  The cleint shall not be forced to execute Irrevocable Power of Attorney.
2. Generally, the PoA is taken from the clients who want to avail internet based trading services. For offering internet based trading services, a Stock Broker requires necessary authorizations for seamless trading, collection of margins as well as settlement of funds and securities. Further, some of the Stock Brokers also obtain authorizations from their clients to offer non-internet based services.
3. Standardizing the norms for PoA must not be construed as making the PoA a condition precedent or mandatory for availing broking or depository participant services. PoA is merely an option available to the client for instructing his broker or depository participant to facilitate the delivery of shares and pay-in/pay-out of funds etc. No stock broker or depository participant shall deny services to the client if the client refuses to execute a PoA in their favour.
4. The Stock Brokers shall take necessary steps to implement this circular latest by May 31, 2010 for the new clients and ensure to take necessary steps latest by September 01, 2010 to revoke those authorizations given by the existing clients to the stock brokers/ stock broker and depository participants through PoA that are inconsistent with the present guidelines.

5. The POA should be limited & shall not facilitate the stock broker to do the following:
a. Transfer of securities for off market trades.
b. Transfer of funds from the bank account(s) of the Clients for trades executed by the clients through another stock broker.
c. Open a broking / trading facility with any stock broker or for opening a Beneficial Owner account with any Depository Participant.
d. Execute trades in the name of the client(s) without the client(s) consent.
e. Prohibit issue of Delivery Instruction Slips (DIS) to beneficial owner (client).
f. Prohibit client(s) from operating the account.
g. Merging of balances (dues) under various accounts to nullify debit in any other account.
h. Open an email ID/ email account on behalf of the client(s) for receiving statement of transactions, bills, contract notes etc. from stock broker / Depository Participant.
i. Renounce liability for any loss or claim that may arise due to any blocking of funds that may be erroneously instructed by the Stock Broker to the designated bank.

Source: SEBI CIR/MRD/DMS/13/2010 dated 23rd April 2010

Market makers in SME exchange for Rs.10 lakh & max bid ask spread may be prescribed later, SEBI guidelines

Sub: Guidelines for market makers on Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) exchange/separate platform of existing exchange having nation wide terminal
SEBI has put in a framework for setting up of new exchange or separate platform of existing stock exchange having nationwide terminals for SME (hereinafter referred to as the ‘Exchange/ SME Exchange’). In order to operationalise the said framework, necessary changes have been made to applicable Regulations, circulars etc. As per the framework, market making has been made mandatory in respect of all scrips listed and traded on SME exchange. The following guidelines shall be applicable to the Market Makers on this exchange.
1. Applicability
These guidelines are applicable to all the registered Market makers for making market in all scrips listed and traded on SME exchange.
2. Registration of the Market Maker
Any member of the Exchange would be eligible to act as Market Maker provided the criteria laid down by the exchange are met. The member brokers desirous of acting as Market Maker in this exchange shall apply to the concerned stock exchange for registration as Market Makers unless already registered as a Market Maker.
3. The obligations and responsibilities of Market Makers
The Market Maker shall fulfil the following conditions to provide depth and
continuity on this exchange:
(a) The Market Maker shall be required to provide a 2-way quote for 75% of
the time in a day. The same shall be monitored by the stock exchange. Further, the Market Maker shall inform the exchange in advance for each and every black out period when the quotes are not being offered by the Market Maker.
(b) The minimum depth of the quote shall be Rs.1,00,000/- . However, the
investors with holdings of value less than Rs 1,00,000 shall be allowed to offer their holding to the Market Maker in that scrip provided that he sells his entire holding in that scrip in one lot along with a declaration to the effect to the selling broker.
(c) Execution of the order at the quoted price and quantity must be guaranteed by the Market Maker, for the quotes given by him.
(d) There would not be more than five Market Makers for a scrip. These would be selected on the basis of objective criteria to be evolved by the Exchange which would include capital adequacy, networth, infrastructure, minimum volume of business etc.
(e) The Market Maker may compete with other Market Makers for better
quotes to the investors;
(f) Once registered as a Market Maker, he has to start providing quotes from
the day of the listing / the day when designated as the Market Maker for the respective scrip and shall be subject to the guidelines laid down for market making by the exchange;
(g) Once registered as a Market Maker, he has to act in that capacity for a
period as mutually decided between the Merchant Banker and the market
maker.
(h) Further, the Market Maker shall be allowed to deregister by giving one
month notice to the exchange, subject to (g) above.
4. Dissemination of Information
The exchange should disseminate the list of Market Makers for the respective scrip to the public.
5. Number of Shares per Market Maker
The number of companies in whose shares a Market Maker would make market should be linked to his capital adequacy as decided by the exchange.
6. Risk Containment Measures and monitoring for Market Makers
All applicable margins should be levied and collected without any waiver/exemption.
Capital Adequacy
The exchanges would prescribe the capital adequacy requirement for its members to commensurate with the number of companies which Market Maker proposes to make market. Further, the stock exchange may lay down
additional criteria also for Market Makers as risk containment measures. The
same shall be monitored by the stock exchange.
Monitoring
All the requirements with regard to market making shall be monitored by the stock exchange and any violation of these requirements would be liable for punitive action to be taken by the Disciplinary Action Committee (DAC) of the Exchange, which may also include monitory penalty apart from the trade restriction as decided by the DAC under intimation to the Merchant Banker.
7. Price Band and Spreads
The exchanges shall prescribe the maximum spread between bid and ask price. The exchange, may at its discretion also prescribe the price bands for
the same. Further, in case of new issue the spread shall also be specified in
the offer document with the prior approval of the exchange.

Source: SEBI CIR/MRD/DP/ 14 /2010 dated 26th April 2010

Whether BSE/NSE is a regulator or a profit making entity, answer sebi now

Corporatisation & Demutualisation of Stock Exchanges has brought to the fore a new conflict between the ‘profit maximization goal’ of an Exchange vis-à-vis its ‘regulatory role’. Exchanges have traditionally been the first line of regulators in the securities market. With growing commercialisation of the exchanges and the resultant competition between exchanges, it would be necessary for the market regulator to recognize the possibility that exchanges may compromise on its regulatory role in its urge to canvass larger volumes of business from intermediaries and investors.

 

Internationally, the practice prevalent among regulators has been to allow Exchanges to pursue their commercial operations, while exercising regulatory oversight.

The SEBI Board, in its meeting held on December 22, 2009, (the detailed agenda note is available at http://www.sebi.gov.in/boardmeetings/129/corpgovern.html) decided to set up a Committee to look into the above issues and give suitable recommendations. Accordingly, a Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. Bimal Jalan has been constituted. The Committee has decided to adopt a consultative process. Accordingly, a questionnaire has been devised to seek
the views of market infrastructure institutions, market participants, users and public on the concerns related to Ownership and Governance of Market Infrastructure Institutions, as elaborated above. You are requested to forward your responses for the questionnaire to any of the following email ids latest by May 10, 2010:
1. bhartendrakg@sebi.gov.in
2. divyav@sebi.gov.in
3. vishakham@sebi.gov.in

Download & fill the Questionnaire now.

SEBI guidelines for derivative contracts on Volatility Index, like NSE has

Sub: Introduction of derivative contracts on Volatility Index
Further to SEBI circular no. SEBI/DNPD/Cir-35/2007 dated January 15, 2008 with regard to introduction of Volatility Index, it has now been decided to permit Stock Exchanges to introduce derivative contracts on Volatility Index, subject to the condition that;
a. The underlying Volatility Index has a track record of at least 1 year.
b. The Exchange has in place the appropriate risk management framework
for such derivative contracts.
2. Before introduction of such contracts, the Stock Exchanges shall submit the
following:
i. Contract specifications
ii. Position and Exercise Limits
iii. Margins
iv. The economic purpose it is intended to serve
v. Likely contribution to market development
vi. The safeguards and the risk protection mechanism adopted by the exchange to ensure market integrity, protection of investors and smooth and orderly trading
vii. The infrastructure of the exchange and the surveillance system to effectively monitor trading in such contracts, and
viii. Details of settlement procedures & systems
ix. Details of back testing of the margin calculation for a period of one year considering a call and a put option on the underlying with a delta of 0.25 & -0.25 respectively and actual value of the underlying.

Source: SEBI CIR/DNPD/ 1 /2010 dated 27th April 2010

Understand all about ASBA - in public issues, rights issues, by Mutual Funds, by QIB's - an alternate way of investing, SEBI

Understand what is Application Supported by Blocked Amounts (ASBA)?

Whether ASBA is applicable for Rights Issues?

Can QIB’s apply in a public issue under ASBA mechanism?

Till now only Indian Retail Individual Investors bidding at cut-off Price were entitle to use ASBA facility.

In this regard, Stock Exchanges, Merchant Bankers, Registrar to an Issue and Bankers to an issue acting as Self Certified Syndicate Banks are advised to ensure that appropriate arrangements are made to accept ASBA forms from Qualified Institutional Buyers (QIBs) also in addition to the existing categories of investors on or after 1st May 2010.

Source: SEBI CIR/CFD/DIL/2/2010 dated 6th April 2010

Total period of realisation is 8 years for Securitisation Company, loss assets, date of acquisition defined, surplus investment in NABARD/SIDBI & more disclosures in Balance sheet - SARFAESI provisions amended

The Securitisation Companies and Reconstruction Companies (Reserve Bank) Guidelines and Directions, 2003 – Amendments (under SARFAESI provisions)

RBI clarification on certain issues as regards acquisition of financial assets by trusts floated by Securitisation Companies or Reconstruction Companies, extension in time frame allowed for realization of financial assets, deployment of surplus funds, acquisition of land and buildings by Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company; asset classification, additional disclosures in the balance sheet etc. as detailed hereunder:-

(Directions here means Securitisation Companies and Reconstruction Companies (Reserve Bank) Guidelines and Directions, 2003)

(a) Amendment of paragraph 3(1)(iii) of the Directions - Date of acquisition
Date of acquisition means the date on which the ownership of financial assets is acquired by Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company either in its own books or directly in the books of the trust.

(b) Amendment of paragraph 7(1) of the Directions - Financial Assets Acquisition Policy
Framing of ‘Financial Assets Acquisition Policy’ by the Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company shall cover acquisition of financial assets either in its own books or directly in the books of the trust.

(c) Amendment of paragraph 7(6)(ii) of the Directions - Plan of realisation
In terms of clause 7(6)(i) of the Directions, every Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company is required to formulate a plan for realisation of financial assets acquired by providing for one or more measures listed therein. Further, in terms of clause 7(6)(ii) of the Directions, the plan of realisation shall clearly spell out the steps proposed to reconstruct the assets and realize the same within a specified timeframe of (within) 5 years from the date of acquisition.
On a review, it has been decided that on expiry of 5years from the date of acquisition of financial assets, the Board of Directors of the Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company may increase the period for realisation of financial assets so that the total period for realisation shall not exceed 8years from the date of acquisition of financial assets concerned. The Board of Directors of the Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company shall specify the steps that will be taken by the Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company to realise the financial assets within the time frame as above.
Qualified Institutional Buyers (QIB) shall be entitled to invoke the provisions of Section 7(3) of the SARFAESI Act only at the end of such extended period (post 5 years) as explained above. If the period for realisation is not extended, the Qualified Institutional Buyers shall be entitled to invoke the provisions of Section 7(3) of the Act at the end of period of realisation (within) 5 years from the date of acquisition of the financial asset concerned.

(d) Amendment of paragraph 8(1) of the Directions- Issue of Security Receipts
Paragraph 8(1) of the Directions prescribes that a Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company shall give effect to the provisions of Sections 7(1) and (2) of the Act through one or more trusts set up exclusively for the purpose. The Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company is required to transfer the assets to the said trusts at the price at which those assets were acquired from the originator. It is clarified that Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company can acquire the assets from banks/FIs either in its own books and then transfer the assets to trusts or directly acquire the assets in the books of the trusts. In case such financial assets are first acquired in its own books by the Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company, such financial assets shall be transferred to trust at the price at which those assets were acquired by Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company from the originator.

(e) Amendment of paragraph 10(ii) of the Directions - Deployment of surplus funds
A Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company may deploy any surplus available with it only in Government Securities and deposits with scheduled commercial banks in terms of policy framed in this regard by its Board of Directors.
To provide additional avenues to the Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company for deployment of surplus funds, Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company, subject to policy framed by its Board of Directors, may also deploy surplus funds as deposits with Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) or such other entity as may be specified by the Reserve Bank of India from time to time.

(f) Amendment of paragraph 10(iii) of the Directions- Acquisition of land and buildings by Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company.
Presently, no Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company is allowed to invest out of its owned fund in land and building, provided that this restriction will not apply to funds borrowed as also to owned fund in excess of the minimum prescribed.
On a review, it has been decided that no Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company shall, invest in land and building;-
provided that this restriction shall not apply to investment in land and/or building by Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company for its own use upto 10% of its owned fund,
provided further that any land and/or building acquired by Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company in the ordinary course of its business of reconstruction of assets while enforcing its security interest, shall be disposed of within a period of 5 years from the date of such acquisition or such extended period as may be permitted by the Bank in the interest of realization of the dues of the Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company.

(g) Amendment of paragraph 12 of the Directions - Asset classification
It is clarified that provisions relating to asset classification are applicable only in respect of assets held in the books of Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company. Further, the meaning of the term “Loss asset” has been expanded to include the financial assets including Security Receipts continued to be held by the Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company which has not been realized within the total time frame specified in the plan for realization formulated by the Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company under Paragraph 7 (6)(ii) or 7(6)(iii).

(h) Amendment of paragraph 15 of the Directions- Disclosures in the Balance Sheet
It has been decided that every Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company shall make additional disclosures on following issues in the balance sheet:-
(i) Value of financial assets acquired during the financial year either in its own books or in the books of the trust;
(ii) Value of financial assets realized during the financial year;
(iii) Value of financial assets outstanding for realization as at the end of the financial year;
(iv) Value of Security Receipts redeemed partly and the Security Receipts redeemed fully during the financial year;
(v)Value of Security Receipts pending for redemption as at the end of the financial year;
(vi) Value of Security Receipts which could not be redeemed as a result of non-realization of the financial asset as per the policy formulated by the Securitization company or Reconstruction company under Paragraph 7(6)(ii) or 7(6)(iii).
(vii)Value of land and/or building acquired in ordinary course of business of reconstruction of assets (year wise)

Source: Notification No. DNBS.PD(SC/RC). 8 /CGM (ASR) - 2010 dated April 21, 2010 is enclosed vide RBI/2009-2010/413 DNBS (PD) CC. No. 18 / SCRC / 26.03.001/ 2009-2010

Securitisation Company u/ SARFAESI Act shall hold atleast 5% of Security Receipts issued by it on ongoing basis till the redemption of scheme, RBI

RBI amendment in SARFAESI provisions

Securitisation Companies/ Reconstruction Companies(SC/RCs) registered with the Bank are required to invest in the Security Receipts (SRs) issued by the trust set up for the purpose of securitisation, an amount not less than 5% under each scheme.

In Paragraph 5 of the The Securitisation Companies and Reconstruction Companies (Reserve Bank) Guidelines and Directions, 2003, after subparagraph (v), the following subparagraph (vi) shall be inserted.
" (vi) the Securitisation Company or Reconstruction Company shall continue to hold a minimum of 5% of the Security Receipts of each class issued by the SC/RC under each scheme on an ongoing basis till the redemption of all the Security Receipts issued under such scheme.

 

Source: RBI/2009-2010/414 DNBS (PD) CC. No. 19 / SCRC / 26.03.001/ 2009-2010 dated 21st April 2010

RBI approval is mandatory for Public (IPO), Preferential issue, QIP by Private bank; Understand what is required for Public issue of securities (SEBI)

Approvals required for various Corporate Actions, Issues by Private Sector Banks

1. Initial Public Offers (lPOs) – Public Issues:
(i) All banks should obtain RBI approval for IPOs. After listing on the stock exchanges, banks are free to price their subsequent issues.
(ii) Issue price should be based on merchant banker's recommendation. There need be no reference to the CCI formula for deciding on the pricing of such issues.
2. Rights issues:
RBI approval would not be required for rights issues by both listed and unlisted banks. However, banks need to comply with the requirements that have been laid down in the circular DBOD.No.PSBD.BC.99/16.13.100/2004-05 dated June 25, 2005 on Rights Issue.
3. Bonus issues:
Private sector banks, both listed and unlisted, need not seek RBI's approval for bonus issues. The issues would, however, be subject to SEBI's requirements on issue of bonus shares, viz. bonus issues (a) should be made from free reserves built out of genuine profits or share premium, (b) should not dilute the value or rights of partly or fully convertible debentures, (c) should not be in lieu of dividend and (d) should not be made unless all partly paid-up shares are fully paid-up. Further, bonus issues may be issued without linkage to rights issues.
4. Preferential issue:
All preferential issues would require prior approval of RBI. Pricing of preferential issues by listed banks may be as per SEBI formula, while for unlisted banks the fair value may be determined by a chartered accountant or a merchant banker.
5. Qualified Institutional Placement (QIP):
Private Sector Banks need to approach RBI for prior 'in principle' approval in case of Qualified Institutional Placements. Banks need to approach RBI along with details of the issue once the bank’s Board approves the proposal of raising capital through this route. Further, allotment to the investors would be subject to compliance with SEBI guidelines on QIPs and RBI guidelines dated February 3, 2004 on acknowledgement of allotment / transfer of shares. Once the allotment process is complete, the banks would also be required to furnish complete details of the issue to RBI in the enclosed format for seeking post facto approval. This would be irrespective of whether any acquisition results in shareholding of 5% or more of the paid up capital of the bank.
6. In case of pricing of issues

• where RBI approval is not required, pricing of issues should be as per SEBI guidelines (ICDR Regulations);
• in cases where prior approval of RBI is required, pricing should take into account both SEBI and RBI guidelines.

Source: Issue and Pricing of Shares by Private Sector Banks vide RBI/2009-10/411 DBOD.No.PSBD.BC.92 /16.13.100/2009-2010 dated 20th April 2010

Download ICSI Admit Card for June 2010 Company Secretary exam - Hall Ticket based on CS Registration or Roll No.

Hope you would have got your Admit Card or Hall tickets for CS Foundation Programme, CS Executive Programme or CS Professional Programme exams by now.

The CS Admit Card issued by ICSI gives you the details of Roll Number, Examination centre and the details of the exams that you are allowed to write along with the Date of the Exams and the exemptions granted.

So, its the time to wish all the best!!! Just be confident of your preparations now, irrespective of how much you have studied.  Just make sure, you spend 3 hours of your time for every exam with 100% concentration and every exam is independant of each other.  The performance of one exam has connection to the performance in the other exam.  So, simply give your best for each & every exam.  Its Only This Much!!!

For those, who have not got the same, not to panic! there is a very easy way to download, which is valid for Exams too from ICSI site itself. Just you have to know your ICSI registration number. (Enter Either Registration number or Roll Number) 17 Digit Registration No (Third character is Zero and not "O") or 9 digit numbers followed by / month (2 digit) / year (4 digit) and you will get your Admit Card Extract.

Now, click here to get your Admit Card Click here to download ICSI Hall Ticket for June 2010 exams.

If you are not able to access the above link, click http://icsi.edu/Student/Queries/tabid/1587/Default.aspx and then click “Admit Card Extract Link”.

Enjoy passin…Vj

Allocation of limits to FIIs/sub-accounts for investment in Government & Corporate debt through bidding process

Allocation of limits to FIIs/sub-accounts for investment in Government and Corporate debt through first come first served process

1. As per SEBI Circular No. IMD/FII&C/42/2009 dated April 09, 2010 the remaining limit for investment in Government and Corporate debt were to be allocated to the FIIs/ sub-accounts on a ‘first come first served’ basis in terms of our Circular dated January 31, 2008.

2. The list of entities got allocation of investment in Government and Corporate debt category are placed in Annexure A and Annexure B respectively.

In terms of SEBI circular dated November 06, 2008, time period for utilization of these allocated limits shall be 11 working days i.e. by May 04, 2010.

 

Allocation of limits to FIIs/sub-accounts for investment in Government & Corporate debt through bidding process

1. As per SEBI circular No. IMD/FII&C/42/2010 dated April 09, 2010, unutilised investment limits for Government & Corporate debt was available for allocation to the FIIs/ sub-accounts in the open bidding platform. The bidding for these limits took place today on the NSE offered platform.

2. Pursuant to the bidding, 11 successful bidders (list enclosed as annexure A) got allocation of investment in government debt category. In corporate debt category 18 successful bidders (list enclosed as annexure B) got allocation of investment.

3. These limits shall be utilized by the allocated entities within 45 days of the allocation.

Source: www.sebi.gov.in

NSE bidding process for FII on April 16, 2010 on first come first serve basis, sebi notification

To
All Foreign Institutional Investors
through their designated Custodians of Securities
Sub: Allocation of debt investment limits to FIIs
Based on the assessment of the allocation and the utilization of the limits to FIIs for investments in Government and Corporate Debt, it has been decided to allocate the unutilized limits in the following manner:-
I Allocation through bidding process
Please refer to SEBI circular IMD/FII & C/ 37/2009 dated February 06, 2009, providing the modalities for the allocation methodology through the bidding process. The bidding process shall be on April 16, 2010 on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) for both the government as well as the corporate debt limits subject to the following conditions: -
1. Government Debt:
a. In partial amendment to clause 3 (h) of the aforesaid circular IMD/FII & C/37/2009, no single entity shall be allocated more than Rs.200 cr. of the government debt investment limit.
b. In partial amendment to clause 3 (c) and 3(d) of the aforesaid circular IMD/FII & C/ 37/2009, the minimum amount which can be bid for shall be Rs.50 cr. and the minimum tick size shall be Rs.50 cr.
2. Corporate Debt:
a. In partial amendment to clause 3 (h) of the aforesaid circular IMD/FII & C/37/2009, no single entity shall be allocated more than Rs.2000 cr. of the corporate debt investment limit.
b. In partial amendment to clause 3 (c) and 3(d) of the aforesaid circular IMD/FII & C/ 37/2009, the minimum amount which can be bid for shall be Rs.200 cr. and the minimum tick size shall be Rs.200 cr.
II. Allocation through first come first serve process (FCFS)
In terms of SEBI circular dated January 31, 2008, the government and corporate debt limits shall be allocated in the first come fist served basis subject to the following conditions:-

3. Government Debt:
a. An investment limit of Rs.200 cr. in Government debt shall be allocated among the FIIs/sub-accounts on a first come first served basis, subject to a ceiling of Rs.49 cr. per registered entity.
4. Corporate Debt:
a. The remaining amount in corporate debt after bidding process shall be allocated among the FIIs/sub-accounts on a first come first served basis, subject to a ceiling of Rs.199 cr. per registered entity.

The debt requests in this regard shall be forwarded to the dedicated email id
fii_debtrequests@sebi.gov.in. The window for first come first served process shall open at 08:30 AM IST, April 19, 2010. Time period for utilization of the allocated debt limit through first come first served basis shall be 11 working days from the date of the allocation.

The format for applying for debt limit for FCFS process is as per the source.

Source: Cir No. IMD/FII & C/42/2010 dated 9th April 2010

Listing with Stock Exchanges to be made within 12 days of closure of public issue wef 1st May 2010

Reduction in timelines between issue closure and listing

SEBI, in its continuing endeavour to make the existing public issue process more efficient, proposes to reduce the time between public issue closure and listing to 12 days from existing of up to 22 days. This will be applicable to public issues opening on or after May 1, 2010.

Source: PR No.88/2010 dated 6th April 2010